注释,注释: The object of this research is the territory of formation of fortified settlements of the Bronze Age in Southern Ural – Bolshekaraganskaya Valley and adjacent territory within the Chelyabinsk Region. The subject of this research is the territorial-geographic complexes and historical-theoretical approaches towards studying the fortified settlements of ancient Ural in dynamics of their development. The author explores such aspects of the topic, as the formation of the center and core of resettlement of the Bronze Age in the basin of Bolshaya Karaganka River, which joins Ural River in southern part of Chelyabinsk Region, the territory also known as Arkaimskaya Valley. Special attention is given to localization and layer-wise fixation of the fortified settlements, as well as typology of their morphogenesis. Research methodology is built on the theory of historical-architectural comparativism and comparative analysis of patterns of the fortified settlements in their layer wise fixation. The main conclusion is defined by the most comprehensive review of the typology of fortified settlements of South Ural of the Bronze Age. The analysis of planning analogues determined the typological and morphological similarity of the objects, succession of construction traditions in territories with the advanced urban development systems of Middle Asia. The results of analysis provided certain clarifications in determining the unique morphology of the plans of fortified settlements related to multi-functionality of the objects, virtually first known in history at the moment of research, living and industrial fortified structures with the dominant metallurgical function. The research results allow suggesting the origin of Sintashtinsko-Petrovsky city-forming fortification system in compliance with the ancient architectural and urban traditions in Middle Asia at the early development stages of Indo-European states.

注释,注释: The object of this research is the area of formation of the fortified settlements of the Bronze Age in South Ural – Bolshekaraganskaya Valley and the territory within the boundaries of Chelyabinsk Oblast adjacent to it. The subject of this research is the territorial-geographical complexes and historical-theoretical approaches towards studying the fortified settlements of ancient Ural in the dynamics of their development. The author meticulously examines such aspects of the topic as formation of the center and core of settlement structure of the Bronze Age in the basing of Bolshaya Karaganka River, which joins the Ural River, in the southern part Chelyabinskaya Oblast, territory also known as Arkaimskaya Valley. Special attention is given to localization and layer wise fixation of the fortified settlements, as well as typology of their morphogenesis. Research methodology is built on the theory of historical-architectural comparativism and comparative analysis of patterns of the fortified settlements in their layer wise fixation. The main conclusion is defined by the most comprehensive review of the typology of fortified settlements of South Ural of the Bronze Age. The analysis of planning analogues determined the typological and morphological similarity of the objects, continuity of building traditions in territories with the development town planning syste4ms of Middle Asia. The author provides certain clarifications in determination of the unique morphology of the patterns of fortified settlements, practically first known in history at the time of study, production-housing fortification constructs with the dominant metallurgical function. The research results suggest the origin of Sintashtinsko-Petrovsky town-forming fortification system in correspondence with the ancient architectural and urban traditions in Middle Asia at the early development stages of Indo-European states.

注释,注释: Предметом исследования является историческая реконструкция в международной теории и практике. Объектом исследования является мировой опыт, примеры и методы исторической реконструкции наиболее известных объектов древней античной архитектуры I-III тысячелетия до н.э. Подробно рассмотрена роль исторической реконструкции в решении вопросов археологии и охраны памятников. Особое внимание в исследовании уделяется следующим вопросам: анализу основных законодательных документов Российской Федерации, регулирующих охрану объектов культурного наследия; терминологическом аппарату, регулирующему охранную деятельность, связанную с объектами культурного наследия; анализу примеров мирового опыта исторической реконструкции объектов древней архитектуры; основным проблемам и направлениям данного вида охранной деятельности. Методология исследования заключается в анализе фактографических источников, натурном обследовании и анализе ряда примеров и методов исторической реконструкции древней архитектуры, известных в мировой практике. Основные результаты исследования связаны с расширением терминологического аппарата и подробном теоретическом осмыслении нового подхода к сохранению памятников древней архитектуры в российской практике. В результате исследования рассмотрен ряд примеров исторической реконструкции известных памятников древнего зодчества, с точки зрения современных подходов к данному вопросу. Подробно рассматривается российский опыт применения методов исторической реконструкции к объектам древней архитектуры на Южном Урале.

Abstract: The subject of this study is the historical reconstruction with the international theory and practice. The object of this study is the global experience, examples and methods of historical reconstruction of the most famous objects of antique architecture of I-III millennium BC. The role of historical reconstruction in solving issues of archeology and preservation of monuments is being examined. Particular attention is paid to the following aspects: analysis of the key legislative documents of the Russian Federation regulating the protection of  the objects of cultural heritage; terminological apparatus regulating the protection activity associated with the objects of cultural heritage; analysis of the examples of global experience of historical reconstruction of the objects of ancient architecture; main problems and directions of this type of preservation activity. Methodology of the research lies in analyzing the factographic sources, natural examination, and analysis of a number of examples and method of historical reconstruction of ancient architecture known on world practice. The main results of the research are related to the expansion of terminological apparatus and detailed theoretical comprehension of the new approach towards preserving the ancient architectural monuments in the Russian practice. The article reviews the Russian experience of implementation of the methods of historical reconstruction aimed at the ancient architectural objects in Southern Ural.