注释,注释: This article discusses the factors influencing the financial and economic cooperation of the countries with the developing marker within the framework of the three blocks – EAEU, BRICS, and SCO, by means of building the gravity model. The countries of the former Soviet Union are considered separately. The research covers the period from the Russian crisis of 2014 up to the present. The subject of this analysis is the financial and economic relations arising in the process of cooperation of the EAEU, SCO, and BRICS member-states with the developing market. The author explores the factors that impact the financial and economic cooperation of the countries with the developing market: depth and scale of foreign trade turnover, per capita GDP, market accessibility index, currency appreciation rate of the import and export country, distance between the countries, belonging of the country with the developing market to such associations as EAEU, BRICS, and SCO. The research is based on the general scientific methods of cognition such as analysis, synthesis, and comparison, presentation of tabular and graphical interpretation of statistics, time series, econometric modelling using the EViews software. The novelty of this article consists in determination of the factors influencing financial and economic cooperation of the countries with the developing market within the framework of the three blocks – EAEU, BRICS, and SCO by means of building the gravity model. The peculiarity of such model lies in the availability of the lagged exchange rates. The inclusion of the lag in the relative exchange rate of the export country rate let to exclusion of the data for 2014 from the sampling. Therefore, it is advisable to take into account the acquired results pertaining to Russia’s cooperation on the bilateral or multilateral basis within the framework of EAEU, BRICS, and SCO.

关键词: Sino-Russian cooperation, gravity model, international economic relations, world economy, international trade, international finance, econometrics, EAEU, BRICS, SCO

注释,注释: The research is devoted to the problem of assessing the mutual influence of economic and demographic factors in the development of large cities (on example of cities in the Siberian Federal District (SFD)). The aim of the study is to analyze the trends and factors of the mutual influence of the demographic potential and economic development of large cities. The results show that the total number of cities in the SFD has not significantly change over the past decade. However, the socioeconomic development of cities is characterized by unevenness. There have also been noticeable changes in the structure and population of cities. A set of indicators assessing the dynamics of urban development based on the analysis of economic and socio-demographic trends is proposed. The development dynamics of the large cities in the SFD and their rating have been evaluated, which made it possible to determine the points of growth. The uniform “saturation” is revealed for the SFD cities based on the analysis of the Zipf’s curves. At the same time, we identified a reverse trend characterized by improving the parameters of settlement against the rapid growth of the largest cities. It is predicted that the share of the urban population will gradually increase.

关键词: spatial development, Siberian federal district, Zipf’s law, ranking, economic development, urban resettlement, socio-demographic processes, large cities, social-economic factors, classification

注释,注释: The article tackles new technologies impact on urban transportation and gives some projections on how the future of urban passenger transit and urban goods transportation would look like. The research is centered mainly on the impact of those technologies on modal choice and explains how the impact of new theologies will contribute to the obsolescence of the public urban transport. Several factors are taken into account to support this idea. Projections on decrease in urban transport are based on major challenges of labor market (automation and teleworking), as well as ecommerce development, which will cut the demand for public transport ridership by half. Those trends will also substantially reduce the car ownership, and thus contribute to traffic decongestion. At the same time, shared-ridership platforms (Uber, etc.) have significantly decreased the cost of transit by private means of transport, equal to some fares of public transport, whereas driverless and electric cars will further decrease the cost of transit by private means of transport up to making public transport unnecessary.

关键词: individual vehicle, urban traffic, modal choice, new technologies, car, public transport, urban transit, Urban Transport, cargo transportation, communication technologie

注释,注释: In modern conditions of global geopolitical instability and economic sanctions, the mechanism of state procurement and commodity interventions in Russia is not an effective tool for regulating the grain market. The subject of the research is the state policy in the field of development of agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation in order to develop proposals for improving the mechanisms of regulation of the grain market. The object of the study is the direction and mechanisms of agricultural policy of modern Russia.The study focuses on the analysis of the main shortcomings of the current mechanism of regulation of the Russian grain market, and offers a completely new alternative models to maintain the profitability of agricultural producers.The paper uses theoretical and empirical methods, in particular: literature review, logical, statistical and expert assessments, methods of empirical data collection, system analysis, description and processing of research results.The main results of the study are the following provisions. The author proposes the use of alternative models to maintain the level of income of agricultural producers in order to reduce the costs of the Federal budget and improve the efficiency of this mechanism, within the framework of which an effective institution can be created that regulates the grain market on the principles of public-private partnership – grain commodity-credit Corporation.

关键词: state agro-industrial policy, commodity-credit corporation, the real sector of the economy, agro-industrial complex, agriculture, grain market, state interventions, state regulation of the economy, public-private partnership, state support of agricultural producers

注释,注释: The presence of phase transitions, not only quantitative but also qualitative changes, of the regional macroscopic indicators demonstrates the dysfunction, in particular, the growth of disunity and decrease in the permeability of the space. Consequently, phase transitions are a particular threat to the regional economic wellbeing. This work is aimed at justifying a special economic policy in the field of ensuring security in separate regions. The paper deals with introduction, relevance and scientific significance, statement of a problem and theoretical foundation; methods, results and conclusion are given. Within the framework of econophysics concepts, based on the entropy approach, a technique was proposed for determining the presence and nature of phase transitions. This methodology was tested on the data by Unified Interdepartmental Statistical Information System for the Russian regions. Four types of phase transitions have been identified, with instruments and institutions for ensuring economic security proposed for each one. The general requirements to the regional economic security system are formulated, particularly the need to move from extractive economic institutions to inclusive; sufficiency, but not redundancy of security measures. The findings have both, theoretical value for further research in the field of regional development, and practical: the recommendations can be useful for federal and regional authorities.

关键词: security system, system dysfunctions, imbalances in development, institutes, regional risks, entropy, economic potential, gross value added, assets, Russian regions

注释,注释: The article tackles new technologies impact on urban transportation and gives some projections on how the future of urban passenger transit and urban goods transportation would look like. The research is centered mainly on the impact of those technologies on modal choice and explains how the impact of new theologies will contribute to the obsolescence of the public urban transport. Several factors are taken into account to support this idea. Projections on decrease in urban transport are based on major challenges of labor market (automation and teleworking), as well as ecommerce development, which will cut the demand for public transport ridership by half. Those trends will also substantially reduce the car ownership, and thus contribute to traffic decongestion. At the same time, shared-ridership platforms (Uber, etc.) have significantly decreased the cost of transit by private means of transport, equal to some fares of public transport, whereas driverless and electric cars will further decrease the cost of transit by private means of transport up to making public transport unnecessary.

关键词: cargo transportation, modal choice, new technologies, car, public transport, urban transit, urban transport, urban traffic, individual vehicle, communication technologies

注释,注释: The produce market of the Russian Federation does not currently satisfy the demands of the population, and the produce consumption is nearly half of its necessary norms. The main reasons consist in the low production rate and the purchasing power of population, which is in turn, related to low level of development of the market infrastructure. This leads to a sharp need for improvement of the instruments of agricultural policy with regards to produce market and reform of the models of the organizational and economic development of produce market. This work demonstrates the peculiarities and current problems of efficiency of the produce sub-complex, generalizes the key factors of development of the produce market, formulates methodology and presents the analysis and assessment of the state of the current environment in the produce market of the Republic of Mordovia, and devises models for optimization of the structure of farmland.

关键词: produce farms, produce sub-complex, production optimization, market potential, market concentration, produce market, food market, food policy, greenhouse produce , organizational and economic mechanism

注释,注释: The subject of this research is the food market of the country which functions under the conditions of embargo. It is determined that none of the main segments of the Russian provision strategies have been realized to the full extent. This is explained by the predominant support of the major agricultural manufacturers, while it is needed the most in the smaller actors of agribusiness. The authors demonstrate the low level of efficiency of the anti-sanction measures and substantiate the need to abolish them. The results of the research reveal the need to cancel the subsidized lending for agribusinesses due to the high level of corruption in the mechanism of allocation of the subsidized loans, and channel the funds to lowering the interest for all agricultural businesses, which will create equal conditions throughout the industry. The authors propose new approaches in subsidization of the forming all sale distribution centers that are based on the prioritized formation of municipal cooperative logistical centers in direct proximity with agricultural producers with a 50% support from the government. The acquired results can be used in forming the food strategy on the federal and regional levels in the conditions of geopolitical uncertainty.

关键词: sanctions, market, provisions, wholesale distribution centers, subsidized loans, food quality, purchasing, agribusiness, strategy, subsidies

注释,注释: The authors have developed a method of evaluating the effectiveness of state support system at the regional level, which makes it possible to assess the actual level of management effectiveness in a particular region and to identify existing reserves. Correlation and regression analysis, which gives an opportunity to identify the most important factors that have the greatest impact on the effectiveness of the state support system in the sector, were developed. Also authors proposed correlation and regression models (for example, the model showing the influence of the effectiveness of information support for innovative activity of organizations in the region; model showing the influence of accessibility of innovative infrastructure on the number of small businesses in the region, per 100 thousand residents, and others). Application of this method in the practice of public sector of small innovative business administration will take into account the influence of qualitative factors in evaluating the effectiveness of the system as a whole.

关键词: institutional aid, economic sunctions, innovations, economic crisis, small innovative entrepreneurship, methodical approach, providing national security, state support, effectiveness of control, assessment of effectiveness

注释,注释: The subject of this research is the question of regional integration of the countries of Northeastern Asia in the area of energy, on the example of organization of energy export from Russia to China. The author presents the data on the current situation with regards to organizing the energy export, and presents the analysis of the potential of bordering Russian regions in energy production for the purpose organizing energy export to People’s Republic of China. A special attention is given to the questions of supplying the member-states of the Northeastern Asia with energy. Among the main conclusions of this research is the fact that increasing its own export potential in the energy sphere will allow Russia to strengthen the existing energy complex of the Russian regions bordering China, stimulate the development of associated industries, create new jobs in the regions, increase tax revenue in the regions, as well as make quality changes within the structure of the trade balance between Russia and China with regards to energy.

关键词: Asian Super Ring, Far East, Siberia, Russia, export, energy, international economic cooperation, PRC, Inter RAO, Far Eastern Federal District

注释,注释: 这项研究的主题是俄罗斯石油工业的投资重点及其在现行税收制度、油价下跌、卢布价值下跌和制裁条件下实现石油项目的财政能力。 目前正在从石油采收率、炼油、碳氢化合物勘探、开采的地理变化、对大、中、小型石油企业投资的合理性、通过工业的有机和无机增长实现发展的前景等主要部门的角度来看待税收刺激的必要性。 在研究增加投资活动的资金来源时，作者强调了使用个人和信贷资源，政府直接和间接参与的可能性和局限性。 该行业的投资潜力和风险正在整个行业内以及俄罗斯最大的公司与领先的外国公司进行评估。 作者的结论是，反危机公司计划必须基于对其项目组合的审查：减少提高HTR产量的昂贵项目的部分，同时突出提高能源效率的成本较低的项目的部分;系统地管理公司的运营，投资和财务费用，以及提高生产力。 反过来，政府必须采取决定性步骤，转向新的税收制度，以确保财务结果和税收之间的更紧密联系，并刺激新石油矿床的开发和深度精炼，使公司能够为未来制定新的计划。

关键词: 经济学, 税收, 石油生产征税, 石油公司收益, 投资活动, 投资潜力, 融资；融资, 石油工业项目, 资本结构, 税务优惠

注释,注释: 由于俄罗斯经济的资源导向状态，矿物回收的税收是俄罗斯联邦预算的主要收入来源之一。 即使国际市场上石油价格的微小变化也会对俄罗斯联邦的国家预算产生巨大影响，补充石油的问题最近变得相当相关。 在制定矿产资源开采税的过程中，矿产资源开采税已经证明了其财政方向，而其监管职能已经转移到背景，在这样做的过程中，在石油开采领域遇到了多个问题。 本文揭示了俄罗斯联邦MRET内部的缺陷，并审查了在当前条件下改进它的方法。 结论是关于俄罗斯联邦在石油开采业征税方面所执行的税收政策的质量,包括对现行立法的修改。 目前，我们可以看到俄罗斯联邦预算中的MRET收入每年增加，预算收入总体结构中税收比重增加。 然而，尽管MRET指数具有积极的动态，但目前的石油税制度存在越来越多的缺陷，对该行业的现状和未来发展产生负面影响。

关键词: 科技, 投资；投资, 原料基地, 奖励措施, 税务负担, [医]雷特, 石油开采, 收入, 税务策略, 的矿产资源。

注释,注释: 本文致力于解决将资本从离岸返回俄罗斯（去离岸化）的问题。 这项研究的对象是为俄罗斯首都提供税收"避难所"的世界离岸中心。 该研究的重点是允许将这些资本返回俄罗斯经济的机制，方法和工具。 本文分析了离岸区出现的原因及其功能方向，并揭示了离岸业务的概念。 它进一步分析了向近海区居民提供的主要激励措施。 对全球离岸业务的新兴基础和功能规模进行了评估。 作者研究了资本从俄罗斯流出到近海地区的原因，并提出了解决这一问题的组织法律措施。 这项研究的结果成为对全球经济体系离岸化的原因和后果的分析，对这一现象对俄罗斯的负面影响的评估，以及对俄罗斯经济去离岸化的若干建议的发展，以形成一个全面的金融机制，刺激该国投资吸引力的发展。

关键词: 投资吸引力, 投资吸引力, 脱离岸化, 脱离岸化, 经济离岸化, 经济离岸化, 逃税, 逃税, 税务筹划, 税务筹划, 税务优惠, 税务优惠, 离岸业务, 离岸业务, 离岸区, 离岸区, 政府行政, 创业精神。, 政府行政, 创业精神。

注释,注释: 本文致力于研究一个国家的繁荣与个人所得税税率表的累进性之间存在的依赖关系。 作者分析了这些因素并确定了它们对国家繁荣和繁荣的影响。 该研究包括对40个随机选择的国家进行分析。 考虑了以下因素对国家繁荣和繁荣的影响：人均国内生产总值;平均，月薪;基尼系数;国债，然后是黄金在国际储备资产中的份额。 本文确定了国家繁荣指数的功能依赖性对所得税率规模累进性指数和计算的相关系数的影响。 随着联合国使用的世界各国已知的繁荣指数，在文章中引入了新的所得税率规模累进指数。 在此基础上，作者介绍了新的综合区间社会经济指数，即：多因素国家繁荣指数和多因素国家繁荣指数。 这些汇总指数是为40个主要世界国家计算的，作者设法找到了所有初始指数。 按繁荣和繁荣指数（2009-2012年）对世界国家评级的分析表明，俄罗斯和巴西的价值接近。 一般来说，在所有评级中，两个国家都位于相应指数值区间的较低小数部分（较低的第一和较低的第二部分）。 此外，还表明国家繁荣与个人收入税率规模累进性之间存在正线性趋势依赖关系。 此外，通过计算选择性相关系数，作者表明这种线性趋势依赖性在很大程度上是线性函数的。 俄罗斯采用的统一税率表对该国的繁荣产生了负面影响。

关键词: 税项, 税项, 私人收入, 私人收入, 本地生产总值, 月薪, 本地生产总值, 月薪, 基尼系数, 基尼系数, 国债, 国债, 黄金份额, 黄金份额, 累进指数, 累进指数, 繁荣指数, 繁荣指数, 繁荣指数, 繁荣指数

注释,注释: 作者认为互联网是一种运输货物的系统。 还考虑了互联网对货物运输的影响。 描述了向客户交付数字商品（书籍，音乐，视频）。 本文的主要目的是介绍3D打印机出现的后果，这将允许将材料商品交付给最终消费者（或零售商/最终生产者）。 作者认为，在3D扫描仪的帮助下，可以将物质对象非物质化，并通过互联网将它们运送到最终消费者（最终生产者或零售商），然后他们可以在目的地的3D打印机的帮助下重建这些对象。 最后，从这些假设中可以明显看出，互联网流量可能会增长。

关键词: 经济学, 经济学, 互联网, 互联网, 3D打印机, 3D打印机, 运输业, 生产, 运输业, 货运, 生产, 派递服务, 货运, 数码产品, 派递服务, 对象, 数码产品, 对象, 装运。, 装运。

注释,注释: 本文基于化石能源时代即将结束的假设，考虑了完全可再生能源政策和完全可再生能源市场的概念。 报告审查了目前的能源政策及其向完全可再生能源市场过渡的适宜性，并探讨了将可再生能源政策纳入主流能源政策的一些可能性。 该文件的主要部分致力于研究完全可再生能源市场结构，该市场结构几乎完全由可再生电力而不是生物燃料组成。 考虑各种可再生能源的质量与个人能源生产（终端消费者能源生产）的潜力有关。 个人或终端消费者的能源生产被认为是完全可再生能源市场的主导趋势。

关键词: 个人能源生产, 能源市场结构, 经济体系, 可再生能源市场, 可再生能源政策, 能源, 终端消费者, 电力, 生物燃料, 化石燃料。

注释,注释: 本文分析了业务评价估计目标功能不完善的问题，并对其进行的现代方法进行了分析。 广泛的方法和立法因素对商业评估估计方法的完善的影响也在工作中进行分析。 这项研究的特点是具有一定的结构，包括一些商业评估方法。 文中对业务评价估算的每种方法的本质进行了分析。 文章的作者特别注意业务评估估计的每种方法的应用。 本文还强调了在业务管理和重组过程中使用各种估算方法的有效性。 所做的研究得出的结论是，有必要在考虑到系统方法和企业消费属性的原则的情况下，完善现代和发明新的商业评估方法。 纳入重点的主要因素之一是在最新的经济环境下形成综合信息领域。

关键词: 业务, 一个企业, 评价（价格）, 一种方法, 利润, 管理层, 成效, 估计数, 一种结构, 优势, 利润。

注释,注释: 研究了宏观和微观层面税收筹划的理论家方法基础. 对俄罗斯和外国科学家关于"税收筹划"概念本质的意见进行了有争议的审查和分析。 还规定了税收筹划分类的研究标准. 在系统方法的基础上,需要考虑公司收入的税收规划,作为在遵守现行税收立法的基础上,根据公司发展战略精简其经济活动的一体化进程。 俄罗斯税收立法中"税收规划"概念的权宜之计是合理的。 揭示了在永久经济条件下提高税收筹划效率的制度基础

关键词: 税务筹划, 税务筹划, 分类, 分类, 理论与方法论, 理论与方法论, 机构条件, 机构条件, 法团, 法团, 外国研究人员, 俄罗斯科学家, 税务优惠, 组织架构, 外国研究人员, 最小化。, 俄罗斯科学家, 税务优惠, 组织架构, 最小化。

注释,注释: 关于商业职业道德的文章部分是审查类型和分类不同的方法。 职业道德的经典和非经典方法的特点。 示了哲学分支对职业道德内容的影响。 作者选择了这种呈现材料的方式，目的是强调当代职业道德中最有问题和困难的点，特别是会计师。 道德考虑在某些方面是基于心理的。 提出了职业道德的主要概念,目的是使其内容具体化. 选择了建立职业道德的重点：对立的相互作用，加速的社会条件，创造力，个人实现的强调，尊重。 人们指出了最困难的问题：永恒的道德稳定和我们生活的动态进行，这需要一个时刻的决定。 在商业关系的描述中过度劳累被标记为负面特征：职业道德中的所有情况都无法描述。 强调了会计工作的具体特点. 计划进一步讨论职业道德的前景。 这些结论有助于尊重人类劳动及其质量。

关键词: 哲学伦理学, 职业道德, 哲学伦理学, 好的, 职业道德, 邪恶, 好的, 意外学, 邪恶, 劳工质素, 意外学, 纪律，纪律, 会计, 劳工质素, 心理学, 纪律，纪律, 会计, 道德。, 心理学, 道德。

注释,注释: 在本文中，作者的目的是找出后南斯拉夫国家如何能够加速过去的经济增长不足，以实现真正向发达经济体的转变，这是它们加入欧盟所必需的。 GDP增长率被用作经济增长的主要指标，并辅之以经济和社会发展的其他指标。 在1991崩溃时，前南斯拉夫属于欠发达的欧洲国家，其联邦单位之间存在不可持续的经济和社会差异。 在过去二十年中，后南斯拉夫国家之间的经济和社会差异进一步增加，部分原因是军事活动的影响不同，部分原因是对欧盟的近似程度不同。 改进现有要素禀赋的利用和创造新的要素禀赋可以在2022年前加速后南斯拉夫国家的增长（比2005年增长三分之二），但还不足以使它们真正趋同，这是欧盟成员资格的先决条件。 尽管地位（独立），经济体系（向私营市场经济过渡）和经济环境（全球金融危机）发生了变化，但过去40年后南斯拉夫国家的增长率平均保持在3.3％。 作者深入研究了1990年前南斯拉夫解体前夕联邦单位的发展水平和差距;分析了后南斯拉夫国家独立至今的发展情况;给出了预测后南斯拉夫国家未来十年至2022年经济增长的理由。

关键词: 南斯拉夫, 南斯拉夫, 经济问题, 经济问题, 全球金融危机, 全球金融危机, 银行业, 欧盟财政支持, 银行业, 经济风险, 宏观经济失衡, 欧盟财政支持, 不足, 策略, 政策。, 经济风险, 宏观经济失衡, 不足, 策略, 政策。