注释,注释: This article examines the publications of the Russian scholars on sociological aspects of social time, which are poorly studied in the Russian and foreign literature. The author believes that they are the pioneers in the field of the sociology of time. Analysis is conducted in such concepts as past, present, and future time; their content and correlation; time as the transformation process; use of time and control over time»; time of an individual and time of the social system; biological time as a step towards social time. The beginning of the XX century indicated the organic correlation of the development of natural science and general science and social practice, activity. Most vividly such correlation manifested in the area of the perception of time, relation the time of publications presented in the article, which are ideologically connected with the social practice of the studies on time, and the origins of the theory of social time.  It is noted that the first sociological study on the budgets of time was conducted in Petrograd in the 1821 – 1922 by P. Sorokin. The authors tried to remain within the field of sociology, understanding sociology as a science about functionality and transformation of social systems, presented by the “submerged” into cultural-institutional environment subsystems of the subjects, their activity and relationships. The article focuses attention on the statements of scholars, which had conceptual significance for the science, as well as for solution of the real time-budget problems.

关键词: sociology of time, social changes, social groups, time use, time budget, social system, social time, the past, the present, the future

注释,注释: Based on desk research, this paper seeks to build on existing literature concerning how Africa can enhance effective government systems needed to make policies work better for poor people and meet the challenges of globalisation. While making an in-depth examination into the current seemingly antagonistic public-private development platforms in Africa, the paper also feeds into a dominant narrative which indicates areas of relevance to poverty reduction and participatory development when critical actors work in synergy. Through the use of an analytic narrative and descriptive method of data analysis, it therefore, explores the role national partnerships can play in bringing governments, the private sector and civil society together around shared strategies for formulation and implementation of pro-poor policies.

关键词: poverty, government, Africa, researchers, pro-poor policy, globalisation, development, сivil society, government departments, overview

注释,注释: On the example of gender-power relations built by Marquise Jeanne-Antoinette de Pompadour, mistress of the King Louis XV, most prominent favorite in history, from the perspective of psychoanalysis, this article analyses the feminine power discourses and complex systems of the gender social roles that the favorites – the women possessing the “shadow social and political power” – were able to structure. The goal of this research lies in the analysis of typical strategies of gender power, structured by the royal favorites, demonstrated on the example of Marquise de Pompadour, in which men were involved into decentralized system of women’s power. The author is first to reveal the basic patterns of formation of the system of gender-power role and codification of a number of them as social statuses. It is noted that the system of establishment of such roles correspond with the Lacanian Triad: Imaginary-Symbolic-Real. The symbolic level structuring gender roles by a woman possessing shadow power is the linguistic field. The imaginary level implies the formed by woman cultural traditions. The real level is represented by the created by woman social and political administrative strategies, which involve men as the subjects of women’s decentralized power into the system of gender-power relation, designed by a favorite. It is concluded that favoritism as a complicated social, psychological and cultural phenomenon is one of the most successful methods of manifestation of women’s “shadow” power in history.

关键词: gender social roles, Enlightenment, female royal favourites, Marquise de Pompadour, royal mistresses, gender-power relations, power, Gender, favouritism, shadow power

注释,注释: The object of the study is the system of gender-power relations in the society. The subject of the research is the social and psychological facets of the gender power system construction, their basic characteristics as well as the degree and limits of their mutual influence. The methodology includes research methods of power introduced by M. Foucault, L. Althusser, and J. Butler; psychoanalytic approaches of S. Freud and J. Lacan; structuralist method of analysis of communicative practices of M. Castells.Results, novelty, and conclusions. The novelty of the study consists in the theory of passional attachment introduced by the author, in which it is argued that the system of gender power in society is based on the psychological mechanism of interpellation and subjection of male psychics by women.The main conclusions are as follows: 1) gender self-identification and socialisation are associated with the Œdipus complex and Lacanian psychological stage of the mirror; 2) since the time of the ancient matriarchy, the symbolic power of the female has become fixed as an archetype of consciousness; 3) the gender power is being built on a subject-subject basis; in the society; 4) women’s building a system of gender power relations and gender roles on their basis, is usually carried out with a broad involvement of the symbolic sphere.

关键词: passional attachment, subjection, interpellation, gender roles, gender power relations, gender power, Gender, symbolic, Edipus complex, socialisation

注释,注释: The author examines the questions of gender equality in the modern world, as well as from the historical-anthropological perspective. The article deals with the examples of gender inequality from the physical, sociological and psychological standpoints, in various cultures, and how it can affect marriages between men and women, where interdependence and mutual interest play a significant role in consummation and preservation of marriage. The work leans on the cases of Norwegian-Russian and French-Russian marital unions, using the traditional to sociology and jurisprudence method of scientific research. The material carries anthropological character, which explains the extensive use of the methods of historical sciences. The author explicates the causes of gender inequality, their origin and consolidation in the culture, religion, and law, as well as demonstrates a range of interesting examples of sociological, cultural, and legal inequality of genders from the various cultural environments, countries and continents. Using the precedents of Norwegian-Russian and French-Russian marriages, the author analyzes how their union is preserved based on the interdependence and mutual interest.

关键词: éthique, sociologie, anthropologie, inégalité entre les sexes, la famille, le mariage, sexe, égalité, inégalité, alliance

注释,注释: The subject of this research is the peculiarities of representation of values of a healthy lifestyle in the social promotion video ads in Russia. Several various components of healthy lifestyle are being highlighted, and analysis is conducted on their portrayal in advertisements (type of health, advertisement image, emotional effect, level of health, character and format of reflection of health issues). The videos of social promotion representing the values of a healthy lifestyle are analyzed in the context of relevance of the issues raised therein that pertain to the Russian society and comparison of this data with statistics of sociological research and expert opinions. The conducted research allowed the author to conclude that there is a certain decrease in the activity of social promotion in the work of forming and spreading values of healthy living in the Russian society, even though there is a pressing need for it. The emerged “vacuum” is partially filled by commercial advertisements, which “exploits” values of healthy lifestyle primarily for commercial purposes.

关键词: mental health, physical health, Russian society, values, representation, social promotion, healthy lifestyle, social health, alcoholism, smoking

注释,注释: This article examines the issues of public institutional trust in modern Russian society based on the results of sociological monitoring. Special attention is given to the analysis of the structure and dynamics of trust in the context of current events and processes. The relevance of this research is substantiated by the fact that institutional trust is in a state of constant dynamic under the influence of various and diverse processes. This is especially characteristic for the transitional societies, where there is simultaneous and equal force applied by the established and situational, objective and subjective, internal and external factors. The author concludes that the structure of institutional trust reflects specific traits inherent in the Russian political culture, while its dynamic reflects the changes taking place in the society. The interaction between the sociocultural, economic and political factors is brought by the constant “shift” of trust from one institution or group to other, simultaneously insuring stability and adaptability of the institutional system to the changing environment.

关键词: public institutions, trust, structure, dynamics, government, society, political culture, institutions, factors, causes

注释,注释: The article deals with driver rehabilitation programs. This program is intended for drivers whose driving licenses have been revoked for repeated traffic offenses or for transport crimes. This program aims to change the behavior and attitudes of dangerous drivers. The program consists of 6 group meetings, each lasting 4 hours. The meetings themselves combine education and therapeutic intervention. The process includes both, the work of the instructors, as well as group effort. Typical participants of this program are DWI/DUI drivers. The rehabilitation program works in most European countries. In the Czech Republic the program is currently in trial stages. This study presents step-by-step structure of driver rehabilitation program in the Czech Republic. The authors also attempt to assess the efficiency of this program. It is always important to consider the possibilities of evaluating such measures in the implementation of any action aimed at changing the behavior and attitudes of an individual.

关键词: traffic offenders, traffic accidents, driving skills, GDE matrix, traffic safety, evaluation of rehabilitation programs, Driver rehabilitation programs, fitness for driving, psychological examination, reckless behavior

注释,注释: The article tackles the questions of social capital transformation in developed countries. The author considers the role played by human rights in this process, form several points of view, including the influence of the human rights on traditional interpersonal forms and institutions of social capital (family, kin, neighbors…), as well as the role of human rights in broad forms (national, universal) of social capital transformation. The author does not limit his thinking to – almost ubiquitously admitted in social sciences – questions of depletion (deterioration) of social capital but also considers the less accepted issues of reconstruction of social capital. Several conclusions are drawn. First, the human rights, among other factors, have contributed to the deterioration of social capital (especially the traditional forms and institutions of interpersonal social capital). Second, human rights have also contributed to construction of social capital, especially the broad (national and universal) forms of social capital. Moreover, the author advances the idea that if the traditional interpersonal forms of social capital were depleted under the influence of several factors (human rights among them), the human rights played almost exclusive role in construction of broad forms of social capital.

关键词: social solidarity, unity, family, relatives, liberal values, human rights, social capital, fundamental rights and freedoms, citizen, individualism

注释,注释: The subject of this article is the examination of risk factors of social exclusion of the older population in the Russian Federation based on the integral assessment of indexes of the components of social exclusion. The author suggest the model for assessing the factors of social exclusion of the elderly that is developed with consideration of the fact that social exclusion is a multidimensional phenomenon, which reflects the economic structural, and sociocultural aspects. The work puts forward and tests the specific indicators of assessment of the social exclusion of the elders that is based on estimation of the socio-economic (material) deprivation, deprivation of social rights (access to social institutions and services), deprivation of safety (safe environment), deprivation of social inclusion, cultural (normative) disintegration, and social autism. The authors highlight a number of the micro-level risk factors of exclusion, which a partially unmanageable, and partially manageable. The unmanageable (independent) risk factors of social exclusion imply: age (above 55 for women, and above 60 for men); solitary living; status (working/non-working pensioner); scale of pension; marital status; religion; ability to live independently; years of pensionable service; type of settlement (town/rural area). The manageable (dependent) risk factors imply: mobility; state of health; absence of privately-owned dwelling; low level of education; coping strategies; estimation of financial situation; lack of adaptation retirement. The assessment of social exclusion of the senior citizens in three regions of the Russian Federation (Altai Krai, Zabaykalsky Krai, and Kemerovo Oblast) was conducted using the results of sociological survey of 2016, with participation of 779 respondents in the age of 55 (female) and 60 (male). The main conclusion consists in the following statements: 1) being socially excluded does not imply experiencing deprivation in all aspects of exclusion, but rather its separate spheres; 2) disablement, restrictions in health and mobility definitely increase the risk of social exclusion; 3) each of the examined risk factors, by increasing the share of some components of social exclusion, inevitably decrease the share of others components of exclusion.

关键词: deprivation, index of social exclusion, risk factors, risk of social exclusion , social exclusion, exclusion, senior citizens, assessment, region, index

注释,注释: On the state and trends of development of civil society in Russia This article analyzed the questions associated with citizens’ participation in the work of civil society institutions. The author turns attention to the level of citizens’ demand for different types of social institutions, as well as motivation for participation in them. Particular attention is given to the prospects of development of various models of civil society in Russia alongside the problems of formation of middle class, which is called to become a backbone of civil society. Statistical data on the state of civil society in Russia testify to the loss of influence upon the citizens of formalized structures of civil society. Such trend is further aggravated by government imposition of the so-called pseudo-structures of civil society, which introduce the typical bureaucratic flaws of state apparatus. Lack of control and irresponsibility cause the additional problems in civil society. The author suggests the original legal approaches towards resolution of the problems of debureaucratization of civil society, advancement of the promising and relevant directions of its development in Russia, which consists in volunteering, charity, and work of the nonprofit socially oriented organizations. Separate proposition and assessment of the author pertain to the role of the informal manifestations of civil society.

关键词: organizations, nonprofit, activity, social, society, civil, prospects, problems, development, Russia

注释,注释: The object of this research is the youth of the modern Russia. The subject of this research is the attitude and interest of the youth towards politics as a whole, including political parties and federal level elections. The author examines the importance of political sphere for the young generation, as well as specificity of their interest towards the political processes and political parties, which at the present stage are one of the active conduits of political ideas. Special attention is given to the analysis of youth’s perception of the upcoming elections into the State Duma of Federal Assembly of Russia along with the Presidential elections. Scientific novelty lies in the comparative analysis that is based on sociological snapshots right before the federal electoral cycles of 2011-2012 and 2016-2018 with regards to the attitude of the young generation towards politics, political parties, and elections. The following trends are highlighted: the number of youth interested in political life of society on the permanent basis is decreasing; portion of those who is randomly shows interest in politics alongside those who do not show any interest in politics is increasing; the growing sympathy of the youth towards the political parties, etc. The conclusion is made that there is no significant changes are observed in the views, orientations, and interest of youth towards politics, political parties, and elections.

关键词: Russian Presidential elections, elections to the State Duma, political party, electoral cycle, interest, politics, attitude, political socialization, political sphere, youth

注释,注释: gThe subject of this research is the role of religion in determination of the meaning of life of the modern believers in Russia and Ukraine. Religion, and Christianity in particular, has always been (and should be) the source of the meaning of life for its followers. The realization of such sense-making and sense-transmitting function by religion is an important condition of social importance and impact of religion. In modern societies, the scales of the social role of religion are not evident and are subjected to discussion. A comprehensive analysis of involvement of religion into the social processes and public consciousness is necessary for a more precise understanding of functionality of religion for modern societies. One of the possible features of such analysis is the assessment of religion’s involvement into conceptual structures of mass consciousness. The conclusion is made that the ability of Orthodoxy to become a real alternative to the dominant in modern societies “Western” values is significantly limited, because the values transmitted by Orthodoxy (particularly the orientation towards connection of the life values with the transcendent source) do not find public response. It is demonstrated that for the majority of Russian and Ukrainian believers, the religion ceased to be the foundation of conceptual structure. This, in turn, alongside the low level of spirituality, familiarization with the Orthodox dogma and readiness to independently form the meanings of own religion and include the elements from other religions and secular ideologies into these meanings, extremely limits the orientation towards the meanings and values transmitted by the Church.

关键词: values, specificities of perception of the meanings, Russia, spiritual crisis of society, Ukraine, meaning of life, Orthodoxy, social functions of religion, religion, wholeness of perception of the meaning

注释,注释: The object of the analysis is the research of the globalization trends, while the subject is the social substance and forms of manifestation of Cosmopolitanism and patriotism. The author examines the contradicting unity and interdependency of these phenomena, their impact upon the formation of the global thought and ethnic self-conscience. The author analyzes the correspondence of cosmopolitan values with the nature of globalization; importance of local identities and nationalistic-patriotic orientations, as well as their association with the values of universalism. A special attention is paid to the dependence of the progress of globalization upon the combination of cosmopolitan and local patriotic practices. The scientific novelty consists in substantiation of the thesis on the complex nature of Cosmopolitanism and patriotism. The ideas of Cosmopolitanism emerge in the course of historical development, being demanded by the conditions of national and political life, as well as requirements for civilized development. Therefore, the topic of this article allows the author to formulate the following conclusions: 1) demand for cosmopolitan orientations and patriotism values are actualized by the requirements of globalization; 2) the logic of modern development presupposes interconnection and interdependency of these crucial trends of globalization.

关键词: tradition, locus, identity, fragmentation, universalism, nationalism, liberalism, patriotism, Cosmopolitanism, globalization

注释,注释: This article presents the results of the monitoring of public opinion of the Primorsky Krai related to the ongoing economic crisis. The results reveal that the economic crisis affects the social wellness of the population, and majority of the population experience a drop in quality of life, translating into social tension. The article presents the findings of the research on the Krai’s reaction to the changes in the structure of the selection of goods and services in the local market. The authors identify the categories of goods and services that demonstrated the drop in demand as a result of the sanctions against Russia, and conduct the analysis of the data from the monitoring of the social wellness of the population of Primorsky Krai, as well as various assessments of the consumer reactions to the changes in the market that have been gathered from two polls conducted in October of 2014 and October of 2015. A distinguishing factor of the conducted polls consists in the use of a vast number of open questions. A special computer program was used to summarize and categorize the responses. The authors conclude that the social wellness of the population is the key component of the success or failure of the reforms conducted by the government and branches of local authority.

关键词: economic crisis, economic sanctions, ruble’s exchange rate, social wellness, purchasing power, monitoring, social polling, data analysis, information processing, computer technology

注释,注释: The purpose of this work is to explore the social basis of positive legal responsibility and prove its legal nature and practical importance, as well as its connection with the rule-of-law state concept and civil society. To achieve this purpose the following methods were applied: dialectical, formal legal, sociological, and comparative legal studies. The application of a dialectical method enables to study the phenomenon comprehensively in its interconnection with practice and its development in social relations. The use of these methods has been tested by science and practice, which testifies to the efficiency of their application to legal research. The paper provides the author's definition of social and legal responsibility, offers the data of a survey on the question of positive legal responsibility and its regulatory impact. The author establishes the unified character of legal responsibility that includes a positive (voluntary) and negative (state-forced) forms of implementation. The study revealed that statutory (single) responsibility is an objectively determined, introduced by law and protected by the state duty (necessity) of legal relations participants to comply with statutory regulations, and, in case of violations, the obligation of the offender to suffer condemnation, restriction of property or personal non-property rights. Single responsibility is target objectively enshrined in the law, a reference point for proper behavior of legal subjects, and the criterion of its evaluation as responsible or irresponsible. This allows the subject that has not committed a legally significant act to know in advance about his or her responsibility, and allows the subject to focus on implementation of general legislative rules. If the subject complies by them, it means he or she acts legally responsibly, otherwise he or she acts irresponsibly. The consequences occur in compliance with the actions, which is consistent with the general principles of justice. The exclusion of responsibility that involves various forms of realization would mean the disappearance of the orienting goal, the criterion for evaluation of legally significant behavior as responsible or irresponsible. Responsibility as an integral legal phenomenon is in a static state: It is the basis, the reason, and the condition for appearance of the voluntary form of responsibility realization, as well as the criterion to define it as such. Without this condition, the appearance of the subsequent positive responsibility, which is a responsibility in a dynamic state, is not possible.

关键词: social responsibility, positive responsibility, forms of implementation of responsibility, legal liability, legal regulations, responsibility, law, kriminal, criminal liability, legal responsibility

注释,注释: 本文探讨了俄罗斯地区社会经济发展的特点。 这项研究的相关性是由各种社会阶层之间以及不同领土之间日益增长的差距所证明的。 特别注意分析区域人均生产总值水平与区域居民月平均收入水平之间的相关性。 审查这些指数不仅是区域内当前局势的重要因素,而且也是长期社会经济发展的战略标志。 这项研究的理论和方法基础包括各种立场的结合,这些立场认为,与行政和政治因素相比,各区域社会经济发展的内部潜力具有更大的重要性。 研究的主要结论是确定各区域目前社会经济地位的现有差距,以及在确定区域发展的长期目标方面对行政和政治办法的毫无根据的支配。 将平均月收入和GRP指数纳入各区域社会经济发展的长期战略，不仅要考虑到行政措施，还要考虑到各区域内部潜力的发展及其文化、经济和社会的特殊性。

关键词: 社会经济发展, 社会经济发展, 区域, 区域, 区域政策, 区域政策, 平均工资, 平均工资, 区域生产总值, 区域生产总值, 指标, 指标, 发展策略, 发展策略, 策略规划, 策略规划, 区域差距, 区域差距, 内部潜力, 内部潜力

注释,注释: 这项研究的主题是审查自我认同的过程，这种过程发生在形成一个多元文化社会的背景下，具有其所有的多样性，并在同一时间与这种类型的社会结构所固有的具体问题。 分析了多元文化社会中人类身份的变化，以及个人对周围多元文化世界的态度。 文章考察了多元文化主义作为世界各国社会结构的蓝图，特别是在西欧和欧盟国家，多元文化主义的特征最为明显。 作者试图在世界其他地区，如亚洲（强调中国和台湾）和欧洲，在多元文化社会的框架内追踪不同群体的合作。 结论是，需要寻找一个复杂的方法，不仅要整合群体，还要与不同的个人合作（在学校、研究所、接受社区语言和文化研究中心等层面）。).

关键词: 文明, 文明, 对话, 对话, 整合, 整合, 冲突, 冲突, 全球化, 全球化, 身份认同, 身份认同, 宗教, 宗教, 文化, 文化, 国家, 国家, 社会, 社会

注释,注释: 这项工作的目标是分析俄罗斯的互联网受众作为区域一级政治交流的参与者,以及它对非政府公共组织作为形成民间社会的重要组成部分的活动的态度。 本研究的主题包括以下组成部分：1。 俄罗斯互联网受众方面的社会政治分析;2。 响应者的在线活动的详细信息;3。 人口对俄罗斯非政府公共组织作用的看法;4。 关于非政府组织在区域一级的作用和影响的公众舆论分类。 对莫斯科州Krasnogorsky区的人口进行了选择性投票，其中包括300年龄在20和62之间的人，代表工人阶级。 作者强调需要广泛的信息论坛，以便在区域一级进行双向交流，并鼓励公民参与对话，在网上公开讨论国家政治，并形成社会的政治文化。

关键词: 活动, 活动, 政治, 政治, 区域, 区域, 非政府组织, 民间社会, 非政府组织, 互联网受众, 民间社会, 利益, 互联网受众, 利益, 意见书, 意见书, 认识, 参与。, 认识, 参与。

注释,注释: 在现代社会哲学和民族社会学中，民族是人格自我认同的产物，即人的主观自决的不同趋势已成为主导。 通过这种方法，国籍的标准，正如我们所看到的，不是传统的亲属关系因素，也不是人类自我意识的要素之一。 今天越来越流行的是国籍的合成概念。 这意味着"国籍"一词一方面应意味着某一特定社会和族裔社区--民族、国籍、族裔群体--的成员资格,另一方面应是主观意识和对这一群体的自我认同的结果。 社会民族共同体，包括部落、民族、民族，客观存在，具有经济、领土、生活方式、生命活动等基本特征，具有特定的超越特征（与世界的关系、心态、民族）（自我指定）等。).

关键词: 社会哲学, 民族社会学, 自我鉴定, 忏悔的特殊性, 民族专业关系, 民族主义, 民族化, 族裔群体, 俄罗斯东正教会, "伊斯兰银行"。

注释,注释: 本文的目的是反驳以下说法：批评社会学不涉及幸福问题是不完全合理的。 总的来说，无论是在古典还是在当代社会学中，幸福都被纳入社会学研究。 然而，关于幸福和幸福相关现象的知识被传播到社会学的不同子领域（如健康社会学、日常生活社会学、文化社会学等）。).因此，本文的主要思想是在社会学的各个领域展示探索幸福的不同方式。 基本上，幸福的概念可以被理解为一种情感（及其各种类型），一种价值（或者更确切地说是一套价值）或"美好生活"的想法。 情感社会学、健康社会学、日常生活社会学探讨了幸福作为一种情感。 文化社会学将幸福作为一套价值观。 幸福作为"美好生活"的概念的主题出现在社会变革社会学以及与家庭，教育，政治，文化和媒体相关的社会学的其他领域。幸福也可以伴随着其他观念，如乐观，对生活的满意，希望或成功。 幸福和幸福社会学是在跨学科的基础上发展起来的，并没有排除对疾病的研究。作者认为，今天，在瞬息万变的世界中，比以往任何时候都更需要反思个人的幸福和福祉。

关键词: 社会学, 幸福, 幸福, 价值, 情感, 美好生活, 生活满意度, 古典社会学, 当代社会学, 综合方法