注释,注释: The subject of this research is the legal norms that regulate the procedure of determining priority of patients (triage) in the Russian Federation, as well as the grounds for bringing to criminal responsibility of the representatives of medical profession for causing death during this process. The object of this research is the social relations arising in terms of prioritizing  treatment  of patients under the circumstances of severe shortage of medical resources, namely in case of mass infection. Analysis is conducted on the established by Chapter 8 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation conditions that exclude criminal nature of the act. The conclusion is made that on their inapplicability in similar circumstances. The author examines the nature of the process of medical sorting  – allocation of patients according to certain characteristics and order of their treatment, regulatory norms, as well as analyzes  the trends in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the fact that the Russian criminal law science does not feature special research dedicated to triage, the article provides a brief overview of the works of foreign legal scholars along with similar positions of national scholars, as well as determines the circumstances that affect the criminal nature of patient's death that takes place in the conditions of severe shortage of resources. The novelty lies in the cross-sectional study of the norms of Russian criminal law and the corresponding norms of medical law, based on which the author develops solution to the problem that did not previously receive due coverage in the Russian science. The author answers the question regarding criminal responsibility for the death of one of the two patients when it is not feasible to provide simultaneous medical treatment to both. It also The article also describes potential amendments to the sectoral medical legislation for the purpose of consolidation of legal status of medical professionals, protect their rights from unsubstantiated criminal prosecution,  protect rights of the patients, and maintain ethical well-being of medical profession.

关键词: Italy, Great Britain, USA, Russia, COVID-19, resources, criminal law, medical triage, medical law, criminal liability

注释,注释: Hate crime is a prejudice-motivated crime against an unprivileged group. This article provides an overview of hate crimes against LGBT in Russia. Emphasis is placed on several aspects: (1) legal status of hate crimes in Russia, (2) available data sources and statistical analysis of anti-LGBT crimes, (3) number of such crimes and general tendency (4) problems of collection and interpretation of data. To answer these questions, the article employs previous research on the topic, reports of the local and international organizations, and law enforcement practice. Russian courts recognize motive of hate towards LGBT  as a direct “hate motive against a social group” (consisting of two or more people who regularly interact based on mutual expectations and share common identity). However, the judges often avoid the direct application of such norm, replacing the motive of hat3 with the concept of “personal antagonism” or prejudice that affected the motives of the perpetrators. This leads to a misinterpretation of anti-LGBT crime statistics, since “personal antagonism” does not entail legal consequences of hate crimes. Therefore, the absence of the official data on such crimes encourages the researchers to search for the alternative sources of statistical data. For assessing the degree of hate crimes against LGBT in Russia, the author explores various research approaches and reports, which testify to the fact that the number of such crimes has increased since 2013. The author outlines a range of challenges faced by the researchers dealing with this topic, as well as potential vectors for further research.

关键词: LGBT, homophobia, LGBT right, discrimination, aggravating circumstances, LGBT in Russia, criminal law, hate crimes, russian law, social groups

注释,注释: The subject of this study is the judicial practice of Russian courts on cases commeneced against medical personnel under the Part 2 of the Article 109 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation – infliction of death by negligence due to improper performance of professional duties. The subject of research also includes the legal framework on the procedure for conducting forensic medical examination in the Russian Federation, medical legislation, as well as the relevant provisions of the Criminal code of the Russian Federation. The scientific novelty of this research connsists in the comprehensive approach towards its implementation, including the analysis of the current judicial practice of Russian courts on medical malpractice. As a result of this analysis, the main problems that Russian courts face when assessing the causal relationship in iatrogenic crimes, primarily committed by omission, were identified. Through a detailed analysis of the laws and bylaws governing the procedure for conducting a forensic medical examination, the author has identified possible reasons for discrepancies in forensic practice, which, in turn, lead to discrepancies in jurisprudence. Also, using the historical method of interpretation, the author revealed the existence and causes of significant contradictions in the relevant legislation. Using a comparative-analytical method applied to the Russian criminal and forensic legislation, the main problems that hinder the effective and fair consideration of iatrogenic cases at the moment are identified, and ways to solve them are proposed depending on the state's priorities in criminal policy.

关键词: determinism, criminal omission, medical forensics, causation, Croatia, Russian Federation, medical malpratice, criminal law, statistical method, coincidence

注释,注释: This article analyzes the legal regulation of relations between the Kingdom of Spain and the Russian Federation in the field of adoption of Russian orphans by Spanish citizens. The authors examine the history of development of the bilateral Russia-Spain cooperation; normative legal framework and order of adoption of the Russian orphans in Russian and Spanish legislation. The article provides statistical data on the adoption trends of the orphans in the Russian Federation by the citizens of the Kingdom of Spain. The relevance of the selected topic is substantiated by the fact that for many years Spain has demonstrated steady interest in this regard, holding a second place among the countries that adopt children from Russia. However, the legislative and bureaucratic framework for cooperation in this field requires improvements. The conclusion is formulated that despite the decrease in the number of adopted Russian orphans by Spanish citizens in recent years, it is necessary to continue developing cooperation in this area, as well as improve the existing normative legal framework.

关键词: Spain, state, citizen, child rights, international adoption, legislation, orphans, regulatory framework, international cooperation, Russia

注释,注释: This article examines the provisions of the Federal Law No. 323-FZ "On Amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation on the improvement of the grounds and order of exemption from criminal responsibility" in terms of making changes to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation on decriminalization of battery and default in paying money for maintenance of children and physically disabled parents, establishment of criminal liability for minor larceny (Article 158.1), and introduction of such ground for exemption from criminal responsibility as the release from criminal liability in connection with the infliction of judicial fine (Article 76.2). The scientific novelty consists in the comprehensive research of provision of the aforementioned federal law regarding the adoption of amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Analyzing the new law, the author focuses attention on its positive and negative aspects, as well as makes a number of remarks, which can be applied by a legislator for further improvements in the criminal legislation.

关键词: criminal responsibility, administrative responsibility, liberalization, humanization, decriminalization, minor larceny, battery, Criminal Code, Supreme Court, punishment

注释,注释: The subject of this research is the public relations associated with the constitutional-interpretational role of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation (CCRF) within the Russian legal system. In addition to that, the author examines the process of institutionalization of the traditional family values by the Constitutional Court in the context of opposition to the forming “gender-tolerant” social trend in the Western countries. In justification of his hypothesis, the author suggests an extensive sociological material, which representatively reflects an attitude of the Russian citizens towards various issues pertaining to family, motherhood, fatherhood, and childhood. Examination of the presented sociological material is correlated to the analysis of jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court. The scientific novelty consists in explanation of the presence of a traditional (conservative) value trend in the area of family among the citizens of Russia, as well as in determination of an institutionalization mechanism of this trend by the CCRF. The author is first to analyze such sociological data from the perspective of the constitutional legal science.

关键词: same-sex marriages, gender equality, traditional family, constitutional values, Constitutional Court, human rights, democracy, Constitution of Russia, globalization, modernity

注释,注释: The subject of this research is the separate aspects of constitutional law on application of proportional electoral system at municipal elections. The issues of application of proportional electoral system at municipal elections are characterized by especially high relevance. The questions of bases, conditions and limitations of the application of this electoral system on the local level is the subject heated debates in the scientific community, the participants of which hold diametrically counterpoising points of view. The very possibility of application of such electoral system on the local level is often being doubted due to its potential discord with the nature of local self-governance and its inability to reflect the maximal spectrum of interests of the local community within the representative branch. At the same time, the recent changes to the legislative base that regulates the order of application of proportional electoral system at the local elections, carried a brightly expressed multi-vector character, which often did not have sufficient conceptual justification. This work offers a brief overview of the process of establishment of the proportional electoral system as the channel of formation of public authority at the local level, and provides characteristics of its current status and analyzes the legislative base and the corresponding legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. Among the main conclusions of the conducted research are the criteria formulated based on the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation that determine the allowability of the application of proportional electoral system at the local level, as well as possible directions and specific measures on improvements to the Russian model of the application of proportional electoral system at municipal elections.

关键词: Local self-government, Political parties, Elections, Constitutional Court, Proportional electoral system, Local elections, Electoral process, Municipal law, Electoral coalitions, Electoral law

注释,注释: This article explores the criminal procedure and criminal law aspects of application of Section 6 of Article 15 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (CCRF). The author carefully examines such aspects of the topic as consequences of reconciliation of the parties to a dispute in cases of change of the category of a crime, application of the positions from Chapter 11 of the CCRF in cases of change of the category of crime, limitations of court of cassation in application of Section 6 of Article 15 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, as well as change of the category of a crime in hearing of a criminal case according to Chapter 40.1 of the Criminal Procedure Code. Among the main conclusions is that application of Section 6 of Article 15 of the CCRF causes a number of criminal law and criminal procedure issues that can produce corruption in the judicial process during the evaluation of the gravity of a crime. Section 6 of Article 15 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation expands the boundaries of the principle of judicial discretion and defines dispositive regulation of criminal law relations.

关键词: Early release, Suspended sentence, Criminal record, Correctional facility, Circumstances, Convict, Reconciliation, Court of cassation, Judicial discretion, Crime category

注释,注释: The subject of this paper is social relations relevant to consideration by Russian courts of disputes related to a foreign state’s property. The paper deals with the issues of the jurisdictional immunity of a foreign state and its property. The purpose of this work is examination of the innovations in the Russian legislation on jurisdictional immunity. The objectives of  include analysis of jurisdictional immunity concepts, provisions of international treaties in this field and practice of various states for jurisdictional immunity restriction. The methodological basis for this research consisted of systemic and comparative approaches and methods of analysis.Academic novelty of the paper stems from the coming changes in the legal regulation of these issues in Russia. In 2015, the Government of Russia submitted to the Russian parliament draft Federal Law On the Jurisdictional Immunity of a Foreign State and Foreign State’s Property in the Russian Federation.The results of this study make it possible to generalize the requirements of the Russian legislation in the field of restriction on the jurisdictional immunity of a foreign state and the legal grounds for consideration of disputes in this field by Russian courts.

关键词: jurisdictional immunity, immunity from legal process, immunity from interim measures, immunity from enforcement, The reciprocity principle, sovereign powers authority, Russian legal system, foreign state, functional immunity, waiver of immunity

注释,注释: The article discusses the creation of integration regional international associations, which at times become not only international unions, but also acquire elements of certain public power, a particular public-legal form, and can create its regional supranational (“supra-state”) law. At this time it fully applies only to the European Union, but other integration unions can also follow this path (for example, the EAEU). Using the methods of political science, science of state, and comparative-legal methods of studying this new phenomenon, the author concludes that in the EU there is an incomplete public power sui generis, which is not a state power, but has elements of statehood, operates special supranational law, which takes precedence over the law of member-states, and changes the concept of state sovereignty. Its member-states retain state sovereignty, but self-restrict some of its elements. But all of this takes place only within certain framework: certain sovereign rights and government powers voluntarily transferred to the EU by the member-states.

关键词: Regional organizations, European Union, Public-legal form, Supranational law, supra-state law, EAEU, constitutionalism, international law, supranational law, constitutional law

注释,注释: 这项研究的主题是对欧洲人权法院、欧洲委员会议会和威尼斯委员会对"宗教感情"概念以及政府对其保护的必要程度的方法进行竞争性分析。 特别注意宗教感情概念的本质，以及是否有可能对这一概念作出法律定义，这是评估俄罗斯联邦刑法第148条关于侮辱信徒宗教感情的可比性的原因，与欧洲标准在法律确定性方面的要求。 主要结论是，不可能为"宗教感情"设定规范性定义。 提交人认为有必要明确界定因宗教不同而煽动仇恨和不容忍，侮辱信徒的感情，包括亵渎和亵渎，以及将"侮辱信徒的宗教感情"合法化的合理性。

关键词: 宗教, 宗教, 良心自由, 良心自由, 言论自由, 言论自由, 亵渎神灵, 亵渎神灵, 宗教感情, 宗教感情, 欧洲法院, 威尼斯委员会, 欧洲法院, 刑事责任, 威尼斯委员会, 法律确定性, 非刑事化, 刑事责任, 法律确定性, 非刑事化

注释,注释: 本文将2013年5月30日的Jőrös案（C-397/11案）和Asbeek Brusse案（c-488-11案）作为一个起点，对欧洲法院对国家法院认定合同条款不公平的法律后果所采取的方法进行更一般的分析。 这篇文章的重点是消费者的利益--作为所审议的补救办法的基础--是否符合一般公共利益和国家法院宣布其本身动议无效的义务，也许与当事人的个人利益相反。 该论文批评了"潘农裁决"，并指出最近的Banif Plus判决（2012）如何完善该裁决，即使涉及部分无效。 如果国家法院宣布自己的动议无效的义务旨在保证宪法所持有的普遍利益和价值观-A.认为-消费者无法"反对"声明并表达自己的利益以维护合同。 与这种消费者保护思想一致，在最近的Jőrös判决中，欧洲法院也部分审查了所谓的Perenicova判例，并澄清要求国家法院根据客观标准确定合同是否可以继续产生其影响。

关键词: 欧洲联盟, 欧洲联盟, 欧洲联盟法律, 欧洲联盟法律, 欧洲市场, 欧洲市场, 欧洲法院, 欧洲法院, 判例法, 判例法, 判决书, 判决书, 法院裁决, 法院裁决, 消费者合约, 消费者合约, 不公平条款, 不公平条款, 保护性无效, 保护性无效

注释,注释: 作者研究了俄罗斯和外国文学中存在的法律制度和法律家庭分类，注意到它们的不准确性。 "法律制度"和"法律家庭"这两个术语往往作为一个单一的、不同的社会本质的主要法律制度而被忽视。 盎格鲁-撒克逊法和极权主义社会主义法律制度在同一个分类单元中。 它提供了新的方法和综合。 作者运用历史、逻辑、演绎、归纳和比较研究方法，运用形式-文明的方法，并在此基础上确定了现代世界的三大法律制度：穆斯林制度、自由半社会资本主义制度和极权主义社会主义制度。 在社会文化的基础上，每个全球系统内的法律方法都强调了法律家庭，有国家的例子。 在穆斯林体系中有原教旨主义（radikalist）和现代化（升级）法律家庭，但也有另一个原因-逊尼派和什叶派社区法律家庭，在自由半社会资本主义体系中有盎格鲁撒克逊，罗马诺-德国和其他家庭，在极权主义社会主义体系中-东正教列宁主义-布尔什维克和部分modenized，升级（但仅在经济监管领域）家庭。

关键词: 法律制度, 法律制度, 分类, 分类, 穆斯林制度, 穆斯林制度, 自由资本主义制度, 自由资本主义制度, 极权主义社会主义制度, 合法家庭, 比较法, 极权主义社会主义制度, 合法家庭, 家庭法, 比较法, 伊斯兰法律, 家庭法, 普通法, 伊斯兰法律, 普通法

注释,注释: 在比较外国宪法和俄罗斯宪法的基础上，文章讨论了俄罗斯宪法的法律语言。 作者特别讨论了俄罗斯宪法所载的问题,例如:关于社会经济、社会、政治和精神生活的宪法规定。 但是，该条还提到了在1993年通过《宪法》期间纳入案文的《宪法》的一些缺点。 作者主要采用比较科学的方法。 在这项研究中也使用了经典的法律方法。 这项工作的新颖之处在于以比较方法研究俄罗斯宪法的价值观。 作者提出了如何修改俄罗斯概念的想法，以符合当代内涵中使用的法律语言的现代标准。

关键词: 宪制规例, 宪制规例, 法律上的缺点, 法律上的缺点, 法律优势, 法律优势, 比较分析, 比较分析, 外国宪法, 外国宪法, 俄罗斯宪法, 俄罗斯宪法, 发展, 发展, 宪法, 宪法, 俄罗斯联邦, 俄罗斯联邦, 主题。, 主题。

注释,注释: 本文讨论国际内河航运国际法律制度的基本组成部分问题。 作者从法律理论开始分析这个问题，并提出了任何法律制度结构中应该代表的要素。 作者认为，国际河流航行使用的国际法律制度必须旨在确定通过水道的程序和条件。 特别注意国际河流航行自由的内容问题。 本文采用了多种研究方法。 运用辩证认知方法，探索了国际河流航行使用国际法律制度的典型结构。 利用历史方法研究河流航行自由的形成过程. 在解释国际法准则时使用了形式-法律，系统，结构-功能的认知方法。 在归纳方法的帮助下，研究了国家、国际组织和国际法院的实践分析和综合方法。 提交人认为，作为区分国际河流航行国际法律制度结构要素的一个主要步骤，必须体现国际法关于河流航行问题的基本原则。 国际河流航行使用国际法律制度的共同结构由若干典型的(主要的)制度构成要素组成。 其中有重要和不重要的组成部分;与国际法主题有关的组成部分和与河流航行的直接参与者有关的组成部分。 政府间条约–作为一份载有这些要素的国际文件--应界定国际河流航行制度的范围，载有关于其航行使用的物质和程序规范，国家之间在这一领域的合作体制机制，以及它们之间的争端解决机制。

关键词: 河岸国家, 河岸国家, 河岸国家, 通行权, 导航用途, 通行权, 通行权, 导航用途, 国际河流法, 导航用途, 内河航道, 国际河流法, 国际河流法, 国际水道, 内河航道, 内河航道, 国际水道, 国际水道, 国际河, 国际河, 国际河, 国际法律制度, 国际法律制度, 航行自由, 航行自由, 国际法律制度, 木材漂浮。, 航行自由, 木材漂浮。

注释,注释: 本文概述了前苏联和欧洲与居留登记有关的法律问题。 在前苏联,居住登记问题与个别国家法律制度中propiska制度的残余有关,也与现代人口登记制度的不完善有关。 在欧洲，这些问题主要与非正常移民问题有关。 作者将国际人权机构关于优化居留登记制度的建议系统化。 她使用斯堪的纳维亚国家发现的立法解决方案的例子。 国际法为我们提供了大量的政治、社会经济和文化权利。 但是，大多数权利只有在一个人拥有官方文件和注册时才提供。 户籍登记是基本人权的必要条件之一。

关键词: 政治权利, 政治权利, 行使基本权利, 行使基本权利, 人口登记, 人口登记, 居留许可, 居留许可, 欧安组织的原则, 欧安组织的原则, 欧洲理事会, 欧洲理事会, 欧洲法院, 欧洲法院, 国外经验, 非法移民。, 国外经验, 非法移民。

注释,注释: 本专题介绍的作者认为，她的任务是查明《海洋法公约》是否有助于使海洋法系统化，使其规则更加明确，各国由此产生的义务更加明确。本文件的方法是分析下列问题:首先从国际法院促进国际法发展的一般能力开始;然后指出国际海洋法组织在海洋法发展方面的特殊地位;逐案分析国际海洋法组织在海洋活动不同领域的海洋法规则方面的工作;最后结束。 该条阐述了国际海洋法法庭在逐步发展海洋法方面所占据的一个非常特殊的位置。 据认为，国际海洋法研究所在这一过程中遵循国际法院的方式和方法。 没有任何其他司法机构能够详细分析海洋法的规则，也不能影响各国的立场。

关键词: 国际法庭, 国际法庭, 渐进式发展, 渐进式发展, 国际法, 国际法, 国际法院, 国际法院, 国际司法机构, 国际司法机构, 伊特洛斯, 规则, 伊特洛斯, 规则, 各国的立场, 影响, 各国的立场, 海, 影响, 海

注释,注释: La question du statut juridique de l'animal a fait son irruption dans les débats politiques et juridiques contemporains. Le phénomène doitêtreétudiéd'un point de vue tant théorique que comparatiste,afin de mesurer l'ampleur du phénomène etétudier les réponses apportées. La doctrine comme les responsables politiques s'accordent sur un point:la qualification de l'animal comme un simple bien neon plus aux représentations que s'en fait la société. Il en résulte que la catégorie juridique de l'animal està[réinventer. 一个ceté加尔,des formules novatrices ont sembléêtre retenu par certains ordres juridiques. Toutefois,un examen minutieux de celles-ci导管àrelativiser trè小号largement la港éë德l'évolution[réaliséë.恩[réalité,faire通讯员l'animalàce qu'il est–unêtre vivant et sensible–nécessiterait que le changement de qualification s'accompagne d'un changement de régime juridique.

关键词: 德罗特, 德罗特, 动物, 动物, 选择了, 选择了, 物体,物体, 物体,物体, être vivant, être vivant, être明智, être明智, 资历, 资历, 猫é戈里juridique, 概念分类, 猫é戈里juridique, évolution de la conception, 概念分类, évolution de la conception

注释,注释: 本文试图弥合哲学和法律经验与刑法理论在对刑法本质认知方面的差距，并突出了刑法和解的复杂性。 本文提出了这两条法律思想的可比性和综合性问题. 在这方面，研究回顾了哲学和法律思想在存在认知领域的叙述。 作者强调现代性在解释刑法模式和存在中的作用，作为反思的理由和理解哲学和法律思想的及时对象。 一般来说，思想会抓住自己并理解自己的自给自足。 所谓的现代思想也是如此。 无论其可怕的状态如何，它仍然是社会联系的手段。 这些想法中的每一个最终都构建了自己的巴比伦。 然后，相互误解被称为其性质的不完善或其主体的偏见。 然而，绊脚石是在彼此和一般男人的思想的冷漠程度上。 他们不再权衡和制衡，而是将其分开。 在他们的解释中,主题抓住了自己的存在.

关键词: 刑法, 到期的, 正在, 刑法, 哲学思想, 到期的, 感, 正在, 哲学思想, 法律思想, 感, 大自然, 存在, 法律思想, 大自然, 存在, 真正的, 真正的, 本体论思想。, 本体论思想。

注释,注释: 保留权或"国内管辖权"似乎是限制国际组织或个别国家干预一国作出的决定或决定的后果的权利的一种手段。 国家主权原则作为在世界上建立有效法律和秩序所必不可少的条件日益得到实现：越来越多的时候，国际法准则是在国家一级实现的。 这方面的一个例子是国家经济利益领域。 一国作出决定而国际法修正了这一事实或者该决定是在国际一级作出然后该国按照自己的义务在其内部系统中履行国际法规范

关键词: 原则, domaine保护区, 国家主权, 原则, 国家主权, 有效法律, 规范, 有效法律, 规范, 国际法, 国际法, 内部系统, 内部系统, 国内管辖权, 国内管辖权, 国家一级, 国家一级, 国际层面。, 国际层面。

注释,注释: 文章从古代世界到20世纪的俄罗斯宇宙主义，在形成和发展思想家在不同时期提出的宇宙状态思想时，考虑了哲学-法律问题。 它包括对古代神话中宇宙状态思想的解释，如Antisfen，Sinope的Diogenes，Krates，Zeno，Platon，Iambulos，Seneca，Cicero，Dante，Hippo的Augustine，Thomas Paine，N.F.Fyodorov，K.E.Tsiolkovsky，A.F.Agienko，P.I.Ivanitsky，V.I.Vernadsky，N.K.Roerich等思想家的作品。 使用了逻辑，历史和比较方法。 对不同思想家作品中所提供的信息的评估是从对所研究问题的现代视野的立场出发的，同时考虑到人类技术发展的水平和前景以及二十世纪的挑战。 据观察,在了解政治思想史上国家的宇宙方面的同时,对国家作为一种历史现象的潜力进行了更深入的了解。 不同国家的思想家开始更深入地理解世界的统一，一个人与人类的宇宙本质，对即将到来的宇宙人类时代及其适当的政治组织的预见和理解。 关于宇宙国家的思想在个人的解放中发挥了特殊的作用，并促进了经济，政治和法律一体化的概念和形式的发展，从而扩展了政治意识的历史视野。

关键词: 国家, 空间, 文明, 国家, 神话, 文明, 神话, 愤世嫉俗者, 柏拉图, 愤世嫉俗者, 柏拉图, 齐奥尔科夫斯基, 齐奥尔科夫斯基, 罗里奇, 罗里奇, 宇宙论, 宇宙论, 生物科学。, 生物科学。

注释,注释: 本文在国内科学文献中首次讨论了俄罗斯宪法与俄罗斯正义感相关的公理。 作者证明，宪政作为一种公法伦理，简化了俄罗斯的基本价值观（如volya和pravda），使这些国家正义的轴向价值观成为私人和公共自治宪法模式的公理基础。 在此基础上，文章分析了过去以"俄罗斯思想"的形式构建国家身份概念的失败原因，以及对1993年俄罗斯宪法的现代"政治"解释。 提交人不同意那些认为其理想与国家正义感背道而驰的人，认为它必然需要改变它的问题。 相反，矛盾的宪法执法实践与俄罗斯联邦宪法第1章和第2章以及《基本法》文本的后续章节中规定的对宪法制度的不一致保护无关，而不是与现代权力精英的精神及其正义感的特殊性有关，据提交人说，这是实现1993年俄罗斯宪法理想的主要障碍。

关键词: 哲学, 宪政主义, 俄罗斯宪法, 沃利亚, 自由, 真理报, 正义, 精英, 民主, 爱国主义。

注释,注释: 本文介绍了有关人口贩运问题刑事案件的初步调查做法和特点。 文章提请注意刑事调查中初步调查阶段所理解的内容。 在刑事案件的工作中，它是一个相当独立的部分，在此期间，与一般任务一起，正在解决一些具体和随意的任务，这意味着与犯罪侦查和调查有关的任务，这是本次调查的这一特定阶段的特征。

关键词: 方法学, 调查, 罪行, 贸易, 人, 情况, 警探, 开始！, 预防方法, 社区。

注释,注释: 文章论述了国家行政和公务员制度中预防腐败的法律和组织问题。 文章提请注意大多数组织和行政问题如何导致公务员制度的腐败增长。 截至今天，我们必须承认，现有的立法措施不足以预防腐败，在反腐败政策中，我们可以看到政治因素和政治方向的主导地位。 这些问题阻碍了旨在预防腐败的所有现有立法手段的实施。 在公共当局和国家行政机构的整个活动中预防腐败问题具有全球性和全系统性。 腐败是对国家安全的直接威胁。 它阻碍了民主和民间社会机构的发展;公民在教育，公共医疗，社会维护和财产关系领域实现其宪法权利。 此外，腐败对俄罗斯国家的经济和金融部门以及所有基础设施的增长产生负面影响。 值得强调的是，公共当局和国家行政部门活动中的腐败助长了有组织犯罪的增长，鼓励极端主义和恐怖主义的发展，威胁到国家项目的实现，损害了我国目前正在进行的所有国家和法律改革。 所有这些问题和其他一些问题的存在证明，在整个公务员活动和行政司法研究所的建设中设计一个预防腐败的行政和法律机制是客观必要的。 从进行国家和法律改革的经验以及预防腐败领域的执法活动的实践中，我们可以看出，腐败出现在公共当局和公务员活动领域，在这些领域中，腐败的地位没有得到充分说明，而且没有为公民和法律实体提供服务的行政程序。 腐败的经验告诉我们，它出现在公务员实现组织、行政、控制和监督、管辖和许可权的领域。 这就是为什么它是必要的，特别是在今天，以改善行政和法律制度的活动的民事当局和行政。

关键词: 贪污, 贪污, 预防方法, 预防方法, 战斗, 战斗, 服务, 服务, 公务员, 行政工作, 公务员, 系统, 行政工作, 仆人, 系统, 禁止使用, 责任, 控制, 威胁。, 仆人, 禁止使用, 责任, 控制, 威胁。

注释,注释: 本文致力于国际程序法最有趣的方面之一—外国人参与的诉讼。 作者着重对俄罗斯和乌克兰关于国际程序关系管理的立法进行了比较分析。 文章包括两个段落：第一个考虑俄罗斯仲裁法院和乌克兰经济法院对商业事项的国际管辖权;第二个审查承认和执行外国判决在俄罗斯和乌克兰领土上的商业事项。 作者深入审查了广泛的法律文件，包括国内立法和国际条约，其中包括俄罗斯和乌克兰关于民事、婚姻和刑事事项法律援助和法律关系的双边条约，或独联体框架内具有区域性质的多边国际条约，以显示俄罗斯和乌克兰关于外国人参与国际商业诉讼的法律的趋同和分歧。

关键词: 国际程序法；国际民事诉讼A, 国际程序法；国际民事诉讼A