注释,注释: Agricultural systems for space have been discussed since the works of Tsiolkovsky in the early 20th century. Central to the concept is the use of photosynthetic organisms and light to generate oxygen and food. Research in the area started in 1950s and 60s through the works of Jack Myers and others, who studied algae for O2 production and CO2 removal for the US Air Force and NASA. Studies on algal production and controlled environment agriculture were also carried out by Russian researchers in Krasnoyarsk, beginning in 1960s. NASA initiated its CELSS Program ca. 1980 with testing focused on controlled environment production of some plants. Related tests with humans and crops were conducted at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in the 1990s. The European Space Agency MELiSSA Project began in the late 1980s and pursued ecological approaches for providing gas, water and materials recycling for space life support, and later expanded to include plant testing.As a result of these and other (Japan, Canada, China) studies for space agriculture novel technologies and fi ndings have been produced. The theme of agriculture for space has contributed to, and benefi ted from terrestrial, controlled environment agriculture and will continue doing so into the future.

关键词: Waste recycling, Algal production, Controlled Environment Agriculture, Photosynthesis, Advanced Life-Support, Vertical Farming, Bioregenerative, Space crops, Agriculture for Space, Space.

参考书目:
Tolley-Henry, L. and C.D. Raper Jr. 1986. Utilization of ammonium as a nitrogen source. Effects of ambient acidity on growth and nitrogen accumulation by soybean. Plant Physiol., 82, 54-60
Tikhomirova N.A., S.A. Ushakova, N.P. Kovaleva, I.V. Gribovskaya, and A.A. Tikhomirov. 2005. Influence of high concentrations of mineral salts on production process and NaCl accumulation by Salicornia europaea plants as a constituent of the LSS phototroph link. Adv. Space Res., 35, 1589-1593
Tikhomirov А.А., S.А. Ushakova, N.S. Manukovsky, G.М. Lisovsky, Yu. А. Kudenko, Kovalev, I.V. Gribovskaya, L.S. Tirranen, I.G. Zolotukhin, J.B. Gros, Ch. Lasseur. 2003. Synthesis of biomass and utilization of plants wastes in a physical model of biological life-support system. Acta Astronautica, 53, 249-257
Tibbitts, T.W. and D.K. Alford. 1982. Controlled ecological life support system. Use of higher plants. NASA Conf. Publ., 2231
Tennessen, D.J., R.L. Singsaas, and T.D. Sharkey. 1994. Lightemitting diodes as a light source

注释,注释: Many places on Earth have been used as analogs of space vehicles, with the goal of understanding the pressures and stresses of a long-duration spacefl ight such as a round-trip voyage to Mars. One of these is the situation common to many of the aged, especially those who live in group housing: planned communities, assisted living centers, or nursing homes. This paper looks at the lessons that space psychology and geriatric psychology can teach each other. Traditionally, both the literature on aging and that on spacefl ight have focused on the problems that their population of interest experiences, and on what can be done to alleviate the negative effects of those problems – or, more familiarly, on countermeasures. The problems are due to or mediated by, stress, which is a common factor in both literatures. There are many common factors related to successful aging and successful spacefl ight. Increased cross-fl ow of ideas between the two research communities would be fruitful.

关键词: Isolated Environment, Geriatric psychology, Long-duration spacefl ight, sychological reaction, Aging, Space psychology, Stressors, ISS, Sleep deprivation, Depression.

参考书目:
Abeles RP, White Riley M, 1977, A life-course perspective on the later years of life: Some implications for research. Social Science Research Council Annual Report 1976–1977. Quoted in Marshall and Bengtson. Theoretical perspectives on the sociology of aging. In Settersten RA, Jr, Angel JL, (Eds.) (2011). Handbook of sociology of aging.
K.B. Adams, S. Leibbrandt, H. Moon A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life Ageing Soc, 31 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X10001091.
A.A. Antonovsky Health, stress, and coping Jossey-Bass, San Francisco (1979).
A.A. Antonovsky Unraveling the mystery of health: how people manage stress and stay well Jossey-Bass, San Francisco (1987).
M. Basner, D.F. Dinges, D.J. Millicone, I. Savelev, A.J. Ecker, A. Di Antonio, et al. Psychological and behavioral changes during confinement in a 520-day simulated interplanetary mission to Mars PLOS ONE (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093298
P.B. Balte

注释,注释: Исследования взаимоотношений между людьми и микроорганизмами в замкнутой среде обитания в космосе имеют решающее значение для успеха дальних космических полетов, поскольку направлены на снижение потенциальных опасностей для экипажа и инфраструктуры космического корабля. Мы провели четырехлетний микробиологический мониторинг в японском лабораторном модуле «Кибо», являющемся частью Международной космической станции, и проанализировали взятые образцы с помощью современных молекулярно-микробиологических методов. Отбор проб был проведен в сентябре 2009 г., феврале 2011 г. и октябре 2012 г. В качестве мест отбора проб были выбраны поверхность инкубатора, внутренность двери инкубатора, воздухозаборник, воздухораспределитель, а также перила. Отбор проб проводился с использованием оптимизированного метода свабирования. Степень бактериального загрязнения и филогенетическая принадлежность бактерий на внутренних поверхностях Кибо были определены с помощью, соответственно, методов полимеразной цепной реакции в реальном времени и пиросеквенирования. Бактерии, относящиеся к типам Proteobacteria (γ-подкласс) и Firmicutes часто обнаруживались на внутренних поверхностях модуля Кибо. Доминирующими были семейства бактерий Staphylococcaceae и Enterobacteriaceae. Большинство обнаруженных бактерий принадлежали к микробиоте человека; таким образом, мы предполагаем, что бактериальные клетки были перенесены на поверхности модуля Кибо в результате присутствия космонавтов. Были также обнаружены бактерии, свойственные окружающей среде, такие как Legionella ѕрр. Данные о степени бактериального загрязнения и филогенетической принадлежности бактерий свидетельствуют, что модуль «Кибо» являлся микробиологически благополучным; тем не менее структура микробного сообщества в «Кибо» может измениться при длительном нахождении космонавтов. Необходим постоянный мониторинг для получения информации об изменениях в структуре микробного сообщества в «Кибо».

关键词: Микробиология, Экологические науки, Исследования космоса, Международная космическая станция, Кибо, Бактериальный мониторинг, Метод свабирования, Космическое поселение, Вирулентность бактерий, Дальние космические полеты

参考书目:
Yamaguchi N. et al. Microbial monitoring of crewed habitats in space -Current status and future perspectives. Microbes Environ.29, 250–260 (2014).
Wilson J. W. et al. Space flight alters bacterial gene expression and virulence and reveals a role for global regulator Hfq. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA; 104, 16299–16304 (2007).
Kim W. et al. Spaceflight promotes biofilm formation byPseudomonas aeruginosa. PLoS One 8, e62437 (2013).
Borchers, A. T., Keen, C. L. & Gershwin, M. E. Microgravity and immune responsiveness. Nutrition 18, 889–898 (2002).
Kawai, M., Yamaguchi, N. & Nasu, M. Rapid enumeration of physiologically active bacteria in purified water used in the pharmaceutical manufacturing process. J. Appl. Microbiol. 86, 496–504 (1999).
Yamaguchi, N., Ichijo, T., Sakotani, A., Baba, T. & Nasu, M. Global dispersion of bacterial cells on Asian dust. Sci. Rep. 2, 525 (2012).
Ichijo, T., Hieda, H., Ishihara, R., Yamaguchi, N. & Nasu, M.Bacterial monitoring with adhesive sheet in the International S