注释,注释: 研究的主题是建立语言过程年表的方法。 研究的对象是原始斯拉夫和东斯拉夫过程，这些过程不是绝对的，而是相对的年表。 据指出，对于原斯拉夫语言，相对年代学实际上是识别语音变化历史的唯一方法，并且考虑了长和短元音的定性分化和双元音的单音化的并置。 特别注意已经属于早期书面时代的语音过程，但为此，由于可比现象的不反映或其中一种在古代俄罗斯写作的纪念碑中的后期反映，只能建立相对年表。 研究的一个重要对象是在东斯拉夫语言单独存在的时期，一些语音和形态过程相对于彼此的时间化。 用于确定相对年代的方法包括比较个别语言过程的执行结果。 该研究的主要结论如下：1)长元音和短元音的分化先于双元音的单音化；2)封闭的大俄文和南乌克兰语的类型出现在还原型的澄清之前；3)南俄西方言的变化发生在原语的硬化之后；4)乌克兰语中辅音的硬化发生在辅音的二次软化之后一段时间，这一变化最初发生在所有古代的辅音的二次软化之后东斯拉夫语方言; 5）[k'i]，[g'i]，[x'i]中的[ky]，[gy]，[xy]的变化发生在大多数伟大的俄罗斯方言中的[y]减少到元音[o]之后;
6）各种俄罗斯方言中的akanya的发生以不同 7）在许多表示男性的名词的i.P.与V.P.的巧合是在动物类别的发展之前实现的。 该研究的新颖性在于确定应采用方法方法的具体案例，这是本文的主题。 作者得出的结论是，相对年代学不仅是重建原斯拉夫语音系统动态的必要方法，也是确定东斯拉夫语言历史书面时期某些语言过程顺序的必要方法。

关键词: 相对年表, 原斯拉夫语, 古老的俄语, 历史语音学, 历史形态, 俄罗斯方言, 阿坎耶, 减少元音, 辅音的硬化, 宾格案例

注释,注释: The present study applies to the /i/ status in Turkish and Kazakh in the field of phonology and phonetics. Turkish and Kazakh are both Turkic languages with a common origin. This study aims to explain the difference between the acoustic realization of the /i/ proto-phoneme in Turkish and Kazakh by analyzing the historical development of the phoneme and its modern acoustic characteristics in both languages. The comparison of acoustic and articulation peculiarities of [i] in Turkish and Kazakh reveals the difference in the movement of the speech organs in these languages. Different tongue movements make realizations of /i/ in the languages to sound different. Analysis of texts which is done in the framework of this study showed that this difference existed during at least 150 years. Moreover, as it is shown in the study it is typical not only for the realizations of the /i/ phoneme but also for realizations of other phonemes in Turkish and Kazakh. However, in spite of the different acoustic characteristics the /i/ phoneme is understood easily by native Turkish and Kazakh speakers. This fact is analyzed at the end of the article. The actual reason for the difference between Turkish and Kazakh languages is contained in the field of the issue that makes this articulation difference existent.

关键词: Old Turkic, speech organs, pronunciation habits, articulation system, consonant, vowel, Kazakh, Turkish, proto-phoneme, вокальная система